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OVERVIEW
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President
of
The Republic of Indonesia
Dr.
H. Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono
Born on September 9,
1949, is an Indonesian
retired military general
and the sixth President
of Indonesia. He was
sworn into office
on October 20, 2004,
together with Jusuf
Kalla as Vice President. |
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Vice
President of
The Republic of Indonesia
Prof. Dr. Boediono
Born on February 25, 1943 in Blitar, East Java. He was a Governor Bank Indonesia and served as State Minister of National Planning and Development from 1998 to October 1999. |
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Population |
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222.6
millions (2004) |
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Total Area |
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1,919,440
sq km |
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Official
Language |
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Bahasa
Indonesia |
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Climate |
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Tropical;
hot; humid, more moderate
in highlands |
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Geography |
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Archipelago
of 17,508 islands
(6000 inhabited);
straddles equator;astride
from Indian Ocean
to Pacific Ocean |
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Natural
Resources |
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Petroleum,
tin, natural gas,
nickel, timber, bauxite,
copper |
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Religion |
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Islam
(±85%), Catholics,
Protestants, Hinduism,
Buddhism |
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PNB
per area |
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US$
3,200 (2004) |
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GDP |
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Purchasing
power parity - $758.8
billion (2004 est.) |
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GEOGRAPHY |
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Indonesia
is the largest archipelago
in the world. It consists
of five major islands and
about 30 smaller groups.
The figure for the total
number of islands is 17,508
according to the Indonesian
Naval Hydro-Oceanographic
office. The archipelagos
on a crossroads between
two oceans, the Pacific
and the Indian, and bridges
two continents, Asia and
Australia. This strategic
position has always influenced
he cultural, social, political
and economic life of the
country. |
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| The
territory of the Republic
of Indonesia stretches from
6008' north latitude to
11015' south latitude, and
from 94045' east longitude.
The Indonesian sea area
is four times greater than
its land area, which is
about 1,9 millions sq. km.
The sea area is about 7,9
million sq. km; (including
an exclusive economic zone)
and constitutes about 81%
of the total area of the
country. |
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five main islands are: Sumatra,
which is about 473,606 sq.
km. In size; the most fertile
and densely populated islands,
Java/Madura, 132,107 sq.
km; Kalimantan, which comprises
two-thirds of the island
of Borneo and measures 539,460
sq. km; Sulawesi, 189,216
sq. km; and Irian Jaya,
421,981 sq. km, which is
part of the world's second
larges island, New Guinea.
Indonesia's other islands
are smaller in size. |
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archipelago is divided into
three groups. The island
of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan,
and the small islands in-between,
lie on the Sunda Shelf which
begin on the coasts of Malaysia
and Indo China, where the
sea depth does not exceed
700 feet, Irian Jaya which
is part of the island of
New Guinea, and the Aru
Islands le on the Sahul
Shelf, which stretches northwards
from the Australian coast.
Here the sea depth is similar
to that of the Sunda Shelf. |
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| Located
between these two shelves
is the island group of Nusatenggara,
Maluku and Sulawesi, where
the sea depth reaches 15.000
feet. Coastal plains have
been developed around the
islands of Sumatra, Java,
Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. |
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land area is generally covered
by thick tropical rain forests,
where fertile soils are
continuously replenished
by volcanic eruptions like
those on the island of Java. |
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country is predominantly
mountainous with some 400
volcanoes, of which 100
are active. Mountains higher
than 9.000 feet are found
on the islands of Sumatra
(Mt. Leuser and Mt. Kerinci),
Java (Mt. Gede, Mt. Tangkubanperahu,
Mt. Ciremai, Mt. Kawi, Mt.
Kelud, Mt. Semeru and Mt.
Raung), Sulawesi ((Mt. Lompobatang
and Mt. Rantekombala), Bali
(M. Batur and Mt. Agung),
Lombok (Mt. Rinjani), and
Sumbawa (Mt. Tambora). The
highest mountain is the
perpetually snow-capped
Mandala Top (15.300 feet)
in the Jaya Wijaya mountain
range of Irian Jaya. |
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| Many
rives flow throughout the
country. They serve as useful
transportation routes on
certain islands, for example,
the Musi, Batanghari, Indragiri
and Kampar rives in Sumatra;
the Kapuas, Barito, Mahakam
and Rejang rives in Kalimantan;
and the Memberamo and Digul
rives in Irian Jaya. On
Java rivers are important
for irrigation purposes,
i.e., the Bengawan Solo,
Citarum and Brantas rives. |
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number of islands are dotted
with scenic lakes, like
the Toba, Maninjau and Singkarak
lakes on Sumatra; the Tempe,
Towuti, Sidenreng, Poso,
Limboto, Tondano, and Matana
lakes on Sulawesi; and the
Paniai and Sentani lakes
on Irian Jaya. |
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PEOPLE |
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| Indonesia
has a population
of 222.6 million
(est). Nationals
of Indonesia
are known as
Indonesian(s). |
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primary ethnic
group is Javanese
(45%) and Sundanese
(14%). The predominant
religion is
Muslim (87%). |
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| Languages
spoken include
Bahasa Indonesia
(official),
and English. |
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| 1997
Indonesian Statistic
(est) |
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GOVERNMENT |
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The
country is known officially
as Republic of Indonesia
and in short, Indonesia.
Indonesia is a republic.
The capital is Jakarta.
The national holiday is
on 17 August (1945). |
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INDONESIAN
ECONOMY AT GLANCE |
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After
the financial crisis hit
the Southeast Asian region
in 1997, Indonesia, one
of the worst casualties,
has started to regain composure.
The administrations of presidents
Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati
Sukarnoputri were successful
in bringing the economy
back to recovery. Currently,
under President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, important efforts
have been made to further
strengthen the recovery
process through more balanced
and focused policies. |
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The Indonesian economy is
largely and increasingly
contributed by the industry
and services sectors, both
of which accounting for
85 percent of the economy.
Economic growth was recorded
at 5.1 percent for 2004
and has been forecasted
to average 6.2 percent for
the period of 2004-2008.
Although the GDP is currently
dominated by private consumption,
efforts have been made to
improve the performance
of especially non-oil exports
and to attract more foreign
investments. Indonesia’s
main exports are manufactured
products, fuel and rubber,
while the main imports are
food, fuel and energy products
and capital goods. |
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| While
Japan has been the primary
destination for exports,
Australia has increasingly
become an important trading
partner for Indonesia. To
encourage more foreign investments,
the government has also
produced policies to fight
corruption, simplify the
investment licensing process
and improve law enforcement.
A new investment law has
been passed by the Parliament
in April 2007, improving
the competitiveness of Indonesia
as a destination for foreign
investors. Current and future
challenges that President
Yudhoyono must deal with
include job creation, greater
competition from the neighboring
countries – particularly
China, poverty alleviation
and the rise of global oil
prices. |
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REAL
SECTOR
Gross
Domestic
Product
(GDP) |
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GDP
(Bn IDR
at current
prices) |
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GDP
Growth
(% annual
change) |
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Per
capita
GDP (‘000
IDR) |
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Structure
of Output
(% of
GDP) |
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Agriculture |
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Industry |
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Services |
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Structure
of Demand
(% of
GDP) |
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Private
Consumption |
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Government
Consumption |
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Gross
Domestic
Capital
Formation |
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• |
Exports
(goods
and services) |
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Imports
(goods
and services) |
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Price
Indices
(% annual
change) |
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Consumer
Price
Index |
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GDP
Deflator |
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Monetary
Sector
Money
Supply |
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M1
(Bn IDR) |
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M2
(Bn IDR) |
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M2
growth
(% annual
change) |
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M2
(% of
GDP) |
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| 253,818 |
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| 1,033,527 |
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| 8.1 |
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| 45.0 |
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| 281,905 |
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| 1,203,215 |
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| 16.4 |
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| 43.2 |
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| 361,073 |
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| 1,382,073 |
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| 14.9 |
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| 41.4 |
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Interest
Rates
(per cent
per annum) |
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Savings |
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Time
Deposite
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Fiscal
Sector
Government
Revenue
(Bn IDR) |
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• |
Taxes |
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Non-taxes |
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Government
Expenditure
(Bn IDR) |
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Current
Expenditure |
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Capital
Expenditure |
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Structure
of Output
(% of
GDP) |
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Total
Revenue
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Total
Expenditure
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• |
Surplus/Deficit |
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External
Sector
External
Trade
(Mn USD) |
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• |
Exports |
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• |
Imports |
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External
Trade
Growth
(% annual
change) |
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• |
Exports |
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Imports |
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Directions
of Trade
(Mn USD) |
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Exports |
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1. |
Japan |
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2. |
USA |
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3. |
Singapore |
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4. |
Republic
of Korea |
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5. |
People's
republic
of China |
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Imports |
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1. |
Singapore |
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2. |
Japan |
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3. |
People's
republic
of China |
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4. |
USA |
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5. |
Thailand |
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| 13,604 |
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| 7,386 |
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| 5,400 |
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| 4,324 |
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| 3,803 |
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| 4,155 |
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| 4,228 |
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| 2,957 |
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| 2,702 |
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| 1,702 |
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| 15,962 |
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| 8,707 |
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| 6,001 |
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| 4,830 |
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| 4,605 |
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| 6,083 |
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| 6,082 |
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| 4,101 |
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| 3,236 |
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| 2,772 |
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| 18,049 |
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| 9,889 |
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| 7,837 |
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| 7,086 |
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| 6,662 |
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| 9,471 |
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| 6,906 |
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| 5,843 |
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| 3,886 |
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| 4,447 |
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| 21,972 |
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| 13,038 |
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| 13,415 |
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| 8,908 |
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| 8,746 |
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| 27,391 |
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| 7,971 |
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| 10,403 |
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| 3,386 |
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| 3,671 |
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Balance
of Payments
(Mn USD) |
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• |
Merchandise
Exports |
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• |
Merchandise
Imports |
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• |
Current
Account
Balance |
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Balance
of Payments
(% of
GDP) |
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• |
Exports |
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• |
Imports |
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• |
Current
Account
Balance |
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International
Reserves
(Mn USD,
end-of-year) |
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Exchange
Rates
(IDR per
USD) |
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• |
End
of period |
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Average
of period |
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Exchange
Rates
(IDR per
AUD) |
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• |
End
of period |
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Average
of period |
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External
Debt (Mn
USD, end-of-year) |
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• |
Long-term
debt |
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Short-term
debt |
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• |
Use
of IMF
credit |
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Source:
Asian Development
Bank, Key Indicators
of Developing Asian
and Pacific Countries,
2007 |
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COMMUNICATIONS |
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Indonesia
has 6,964 km of railroads,
119,500 km of highways and
21,579 km of inland waterways.
The ports are in Cilacap,
Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang,
Palembang, Ujungpandang,
Semarang and Surabaya. There
are 435 (mostly small) airports,
119 with permanent surface
runways. |
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The telecommunications infrastructure
includes an inter-island
microwave system. Domestic
service is fair; international |
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FLORA
& FAUNA |
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FLORA |
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The
rich flora of Indonesia
includes many unique varieties
of tropical plant life in
various forms. Rafflesia
arnoldi, which is found
only in certainparts of
Sumatra, is the largest
flower in the world. This
parasitic plant grows on
certain lianas but does
not produce leaves. From
the same area in Sumatra
comes another giant, Amorphophallus
tatinum, the larges inflorescence
of its kind. |
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| The
insect trapping pitcher
plant (Nepenthea spp) is
represented by different
species in many areas of
western Indonesia. The myriad
of orchids is rich in species,
varying in size from the
largest of all orchids,
the tiger orchid or Grammatophyllum
Speciosum, to the tiny and
leafless species of Taeniophyllum
which is edible and taken
by the local people as a
medicine and is also used
in handicrafts. The forest
soil is rich ini humus which
enables the luxuriant growth
of a multitude of fungi,
including the horse hair
blight, the luminescent
species, the sooty mold
and the black mildew. Indonesia's
flora also abounds in timber
species. The dipterocarp
family is renowned for its
timber (meranti), resin,
vegetable oil and tengkawang
or illipc nuts. Ramin, a
good-quality timber for
furniture, is produced by
the Gonystylus tree. Sandalwood,
ebony, ulin and Palembang
timber are other valuable
forest products. Teakwood
is a product of man-made
forest in Java. |
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| Because
the flora is so rich many
people in Indonesia have
made a good living of this
natural resource. About
6.000 species of plants
are know to be used directly
or indirectly by the people.
A striking example in this
modern time is the use of
plants in the production
of traditional herbal medicine
or "Jamu". Flowers
are indispensable in ceremonial,
customary and traditional
rites. |
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| To
care for animals and plants
in the country, the fifth
o November ws designated
as the national Flora and
Fauna Day. To foster the
society's love for its fauna
and flora, the Komodo reptile
(Varanus komodoensis) has
been designated as Indonsia
National Anima, the red
freshwater Liluk/arwana
(Seleropage formosus) as
the Fascinating Animal and
the flying Elang Jawa (Javan
Hawk Eagle, Spizaetus bartelsi)
as the Rare (endangered)
species. These decisions
complement the previous
designation of Indonesia's
national flowers. |
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FAUNA |
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Indonesia
contains one of the world's
most remarkable geographical
boundaries in its distribution
of animals. This dates back
to the glacial period when
sea level fell all over
the world. During this period
the islands of Java, Sumatra,
Kalimantan and Bali on the
Sunda Shelf were joined
together with one another
and with the Asian mainland,
but Irian Jaya, Aru and
the Australian continent
of the Sahul Shelf were
separated. This early geographical
separation explains why
the tropical animal species
of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan
do not exist in Irian Jaya.
For the same reason, the
kangaroo of Irian Jaya is
missing in the other region. |
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| Maluku,
Sulawesi and the Lesser
Sunda Islands, which lie
between the Sunda and Sahul
shelves, have a strikingly
different fauna. Most of
the eastern fauna do not
exist in Sulawesi even though
this island is close to
Kalimantan, being just across
the Makassar Strait. Similarly,
the animal species of Irian
Jaya are not found on Seram
and Halmahera, Irian Jaya's
closest neighbors. One possible
reason for this is that
Kalimantan and Sulawesi
might have been separated
by a deep straight at one
point, while the great depth
of the Banda Sea kept them
apart during the glacial
period. Some scientists
have attributed the phenomenon
to three faunal lines. ALFRED
RUSSEL WALLACE (1823-1913)
wrote in his book, "The
Malay Archipelago,"
that Nusantara was separated
into an Oriental ecological
area (west side) and an
Australian ecological area
(east side) by a Wallace
Line that runs from South
to North, passing the Lombok
and Makassar Straits and
ending in the south eastern
part of the Philippines.
The Weber line which passes
the sea between Maluku and
Sulawesi, and the Lydekker
line which starts at the
edge of the Sahul Shelf.
Sulawesi Island is in a
transition zone known as
the Wallace Area. The other
two faunal lines are the
Weber Line, which passes
the sea between Maluku and
Sulawesi, and the Lydekker
Line, which starts at the
Sahul Shelf and skirts the
western border of Irian
Jaya and the Australian
continent. Other scientists,
however, prefer to call
the area a "subtraction
transition zone". |
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| The
Directorate General has
adopted a national strategy
on natural conservation
whereby the entire ecosystem
is conserved. This is necessary
because it is often impossible
to preserve wildlife outside
its natural habitat. For
example, the orangutan,
which literally means "jungleman"
(Pongo pygmaeus) and only
lives in the jungles of
Sumatra and Kalimantan,
is very dependent on a primary
forest habitat. For this
purpose, the Directorate
General, in cooperation
with the World Wide Fund
for Nature (W.W.F.), established
"orangutan rehabilitation
centers" to prepare
illegally-captured orangutan
for return to life in the
wilderness. |
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| The
Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis),
the world's largest lizard,
can grow to 3 meters long.
Its home is on the Komodo
group of reserves, which
are composed of Komodo,
Padar and Rinca islands,
off the coast of Flores
in the eastern part of the
country. |
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| The
"babi rusa", a
deer-like pig (Babyrousa,
babirusa), and the "anoa."
A forest-dwelling dwarf
buffalo, are among the interesting
indigenous animals of Sulawesi.
Other indigenous mammals
of Sulawesi are the big
civet cat called "musang"
(Macrogalidia musshenbroeki);
a species of the tersier
called "binatang hantu,"
which literally means "spooky
animals" (Tarsius spectrum),
and several species of the
black monkey or "monyet
hitam" (Macacanigra).
Among the vast variety of
birds in Sulawesi, the Maleo
fowl and the shrubhen are
two notable species of the
megapode family. Irian Jaya
and Maluku are rich in colorful
birds, varying from the
big and unable-to-fly cassowaries
(Casuarius) and the brilliantly-plumaged
birds of paradise that belong
to the family of Paradiseidae
and Ptilinorynhidae and
number more than 40 species,
to a large variety of birds
from the parrot family.
Other members of Indonesia's
fauna include the hornbill
bird, or "rangkong/enggang"
of the Bucerotidal family,
which is noted for its enormous
horn-tipped beak. There
are also the Sumatran tiger
(Panthera Tigris Sumatrenesis)
and the almost-extinct Java
tiger (Panthera Tigris sondaica). |
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| The
Mentawai Islands off the
west coast of Sumatra are
home to the "beruk,"
a relatively large monkey
often trained to pick coconuts;
and the "lutung,"
or black monkey, which lives
on leaves. |
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| The
"Badak Jawa" or
one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros
sondaicus) lives in Ujung
Kulon National Park in West
Java, but the smaller badak
sumatra or twoo-horned rhino
(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
has its habitat in the Mt.
Leuser National Park (the
larges park in the country)
located around the valley
of the Alas river in Aceh,
Indonesia's northern-most
province. Other notable
animals are the "banteng"
or wild bull of Java (Bos
javanicus): the tree kangaroo
(Dorcopsis muelleri) of
Irian Jaya; the fresh water
dolphin (Orcacella brevirostris)
of the Mahakam river in
East Kalimantan" and
the proboscis monkey or
"bekantan," also
of Kalimantan. |
|
| In
addition, there is a great
variety of birds, including
egrets, herons, kingfishers,
hawks, eagles and many others.
There are also thousands
of species of insects and
a large variety of lizards
and snakes. Tortoises and
turtles, as well as exotic
species of fish, crabs,
mollusks ad other aquatic
animals, living both in
salt and fresh water, are
also found in great abundance. |
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| Indonesia
is known worldwide for her
ornamental fish species
which are exported to the
United States, Japan and
Germany. The species most
noted for their beautiful
colors and shapes include
the clownfish (Amphiprion),
damselfish (Dascyllus),
wrasse (Coris gaimardi)
and the Coris aygula, which
abound in the Bali Strait. |
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| The
most common species is the
green wrasse (Thalasoma
lunare). The butterflyfish
(Chaetodontidae) has a small
snout, but long-snouted
butterflyfish are also found
and include the Forcipiger
longirostris and Chelmon
rostratus. Another species,
the bannerfish (Heniochus
acuminatus) has backfins
longer than its body length;
and the Moorish idol or
Zanclus canescens can measure
20 cm. |
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| Angelfish
(Pomacanthus imperator),
Pomancanthus semicirculatus;
Pygoplitesdiacanthus, and
Auxiphipops navarchus, which
belongs to Pomancanthidae
family, are all collected
for their beautiful colors.
Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae)
and Paracanthurus hepatus
are very popular because
of their distinguished bluish
color. Other beautiful species
are the Acanthurus leucosternon,
Zebrazoma veliferum and
Naso literatus. Living a
solitary life is the tiger
fish or Balistidae. |
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| Sea
horses, or Hippocampus coronatus,
of the syngnathidae family
are also among the ornamental
fish sough. Peacock fish,
so named because of their
long fins, include the pterois
zebra, brachiopterus, volitans,
ruselli, miles and radiata
varieties. They all belong
to the Scorpanidae family.
There are many more species
of ornamental fish in Indonesia,
far too many to mention
all. |
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| Pearl
oysters found in the country
include the Pinctada maxima,
the P. margaritifera and
the Pteria penguin. These
species grow in the waters
around Halmahera Island,
the Maluku and the Aru Islands
in eastern Indonesia. The
pearls are in great demand
because of their large size
and high quality. In Maluku
pearl shells are collected
and made into beatutiful
ornaments. |
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INDONESIA
STANDARD TIME |
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As
of January 1, 1988, Indonesia's
three time zones have been
changed as below: |
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| • |
Western
Indonesia Standard
Time equals GMT plus
7 hours (meridian
1050E), covering all
provinces in Sumatra
and Java, and the
provinces of West
and Central Kalimantan. |
| • |
Central
Indonesia Standard
Time equals GMT plus
8 hours (meridian
1200E), covering the
provinces of East
and South Kalimantan,
all provinces in Sulawesi,
and the provinces
of Bali, West and
East Nusatenggara
and East Timor. |
| • |
Eastern
Indonesia Standard
Time equals GMT plus
9 hours (meridian
1350E, covering the
provinces of Maluku
and Irian Jaya. |
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TERRITORIAL WATERS AND EXCLUSIVE
ECONOMIC ZONE |
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When
independence was proclaimed
and sovereignty gained,
Indonesia had to enact laws
to govern the seas in accordance
with the geographic structure
of an archipelagic state.
This, however, did not mean
that the country would bar
international passage. The
laws were necessary instruments
for the unity and national
resilience of the country,
with a territory that embraces
all the islands, the islets
and the seas in between. |
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| In
view of the country's susceptibility
to foreign intervention
from the sea and for domestic
security reasons, on December
13, 1957, the Indonesian
Government issued a declaration
on the territorial waters
of the Republic. It stated
that all the waters surrounding
and between the islands
in the territory came within
Indonesia's sovereighty.
It also determined that
the country's territorial
water limit was 12 miles,
measured from a straight
baseline drawn from the
outermost points of the
islands. |
|
| In
the past, archipelagic sates
like Indonesia have unilaterally
determined their 200-mile-Exclusive
Economic Zones. Today such
economic zones are confirmed
by the International Convention
on the Law of the Sea, which
was ratified by the Indonesian
Government on October 18,
1983, by Act No. 5 of the
same year. This is the legal
basis of the Indonesian-Exclusive
Economic Zone. |
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